The space industry before SpaceX and the space industry after SpaceX are different industries. Understanding what changed explains why the next decade looks nothing like the previous fifty years.

The core innovation was reusability. Rockets before SpaceX were expendable — you built them, launched them once, and they fell into the ocean. The cost of reaching orbit was priced accordingly: tens of thousands of dollars per kilogram of payload. SpaceX’s Falcon 9, which lands its first stage and reuses it across dozens of flights, collapsed that cost by roughly 90%. When launch becomes cheap, everything downstream changes.